{"id":24380,"date":"2026-03-13T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-03-13T07:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ibsal.es\/alcohol-alters-the-expression-of-key-genes-even-after-occasional-consumption\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T12:54:26","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T10:54:26","slug":"alcohol-alters-the-expression-of-key-genes-even-after-occasional-consumption","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ibsal.es\/en\/alcohol-alters-the-expression-of-key-genes-even-after-occasional-consumption\/","title":{"rendered":"Alcohol alters the expression of key genes even after occasional consumption"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>A study by IBSAL, published in the high-impact journal *Antioxidants*, shows that excessive alcohol consumption\u2014whether chronic or occasional\u2014causes alterations in glycolysis, the primary metabolic pathway for energy production, which could suggest a link between oxidative stress, metabolic reprogramming, and alcohol-induced organ damage<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The research suggests that biomarkers in the blood open up new opportunities for the early detection and clinical management of harmful drinking patterns, reinforces the scientific evidence that there is no safe level of alcohol consumption, and calls for public health policies that focus on changing social attitudes toward alcoholic beverages<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A study led by researchers from <a href=\"https:\/\/ibsal.es\/es\/\">the Salamanca Biomedical Research Institute<\/a> (IBSAL), the University of Salamanca, and the Salamanca University Healthcare Complex demonstrates that alcohol consumption\u2014not only chronic, but also acute and occasional\u2014causes <strong>measurable alterations in the expression of genes essential for energy metabolism<\/strong>, opening new avenues for the early detection of damage, personalized treatment, and the design of more effective public health policies to address excessive alcohol use disorder.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The study, published in the high-impact scientific journal <strong><em>*Antioxidants*,<\/em><\/strong> was led by <strong>Maura Lina Rojas Pirela and Miguel Marcos Mart\u00edn, from <\/strong>the <strong><em>Autoimmune Diseases, Alcohol, and Metabolism<\/em><\/strong> at IBSAL, with collaboration from national and international centers.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Invisible but Profound Changes<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The study shows that alcohol alters the <strong>expression of genes related to glycolysis, the <\/strong>primary metabolic pathway through which cells obtain energy from glucose. This process is essential for the normal functioning of organs such as the liver, the brain, and the immune system. <\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThe main finding is that alcohol alters the expression of multiple genes involved in glycolysis, both in people with alcohol use disorder and following a single episode of alcohol intoxication,\u201d explains Maura Lina Rojas Pirela. \u201cAnd it does so not only in the most common forms of these enzymes, but also in less common isoforms, some of which are linked to metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases and even cancer,\u201d she adds. <\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The study <strong>analyzed the expression of 22 genes in peripheral blood samples<\/strong>, comparing people with chronic alcohol use disorder, individuals treated for acute alcohol intoxication, and healthy controls. The results are compelling: 13 genes showed significant alterations in people with alcohol use disorder, and 8 of those genes were also altered following alcohol intoxication, even in people without dependence. <\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This finding challenges the widely held belief that the effects of alcohol are only temporary when consumption is occasional.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThere is a widespread belief that a one-time binge drinking episode \u2018runs its course\u2019 with a hangover,\u201d says Miguel Marcos Mart\u00edn, \u201cbut our data show that <strong>a single night of heavy drinking is enough to cause profound molecular changes,<\/strong> very similar to those we observe in chronic alcohol use.\u201d<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>From Metabolism to Oxidative Stress<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Many of the enzymes whose expression is altered by alcohol are sensitive to oxidative stress, a process in which an excess of free radicals is produced that damages proteins, lipids, and DNA.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cAlcohol is a direct toxin that affects multiple metabolic pathways,\u201d explains Marcos, adding, \u201cIn this study, we clearly see a <strong>connection between metabolic reprogramming, oxidative stress, and organ damage<\/strong>\u2014a central axis in the pathophysiology of damage related to excessive alcohol consumption.\u201d<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To gain a deeper understanding of these mechanisms, the team also conducted <em>in vitro<\/em> experiments on astrocytes, cells that are essential for brain function and protection. After exposing them to ethanol, they observed <strong>alterations in glycolytic genes and other genes critical for cellular function,<\/strong> many of which had previously been linked to neurodegenerative diseases. <\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThis reinforces the idea that what we detect in peripheral blood may reflect pathological processes occurring in organs such as the brain,\u201d adds Rojas Pirela.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Biomarkers for More Preventive and Personalized Medicine<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One of the most promising aspects of the study is the identification of <strong>molecular biomarkers that can be measured in the blood, which opens the door to direct clinical applications.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cIn clinical practice, these potential biomarkers could make it possible to objectively monitor alcohol exposure, detect metabolic damage at an early stage, and personalize treatments,\u201d notes Rojas Pirela. \u201cCurrently, many of the markers we use appear only when the damage is already advanced,\u201d she says. <\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to Miguel Marcos, these gene expression profiles could help <strong>stratify patients based on their risk<\/strong>, even before clinical symptoms appear: \u201cWe could identify people who are particularly vulnerable to organ damage and take action sooner, which would have a huge impact in terms of <strong>prevention and reducing healthcare costs.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Furthermore, the results support the development of <strong>new therapeutic strategies<\/strong>, such as targeted antioxidants, drugs that modulate glucose metabolism, or combined interventions that address alcohol-induced metabolic and redox damage.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The study also opens up multiple avenues of research for the future. Among these, the researchers highlight the need to <strong>validate these potential biomarkers<\/strong> in larger and more diverse cohorts; to conduct <strong>longitudinal studies<\/strong> to assess how they change with abstinence or treatment; and <strong>to integrate these data with proteomics and metabolomics<\/strong> to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of alcohol. <\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThe next big step is to develop biomarker panels that can be used routinely in clinical practice and to evaluate in experimental models whether intervening in these metabolic abnormalities actually improves health outcomes,\u201d explains Marcos.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Public Health Implications: The &#8220;Zero Consumption&#8221; Message<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Beyond the laboratory and the doctor\u2019s office, the study has direct implications for public health policy. <strong>Alcohol consumption is the leading cause of premature death and preventable disability among people aged 15 to 49<\/strong>, but as Miguel Marcos points out, \u201cnearly 90% of the population consumes alcohol, and it is deeply normalized.\u201d \u201cThe scientific evidence is increasingly clear: there is no such thing as safe drinking,\u201d he emphasizes. <\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The researchers emphasize that these findings reinforce the message that the only alcohol consumption that is truly beneficial to health is zero consumption.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u201cWe don\u2019t want anyone to drink alcohol thinking it\u2019s good for them,\u201d<\/strong> Marcos concludes. \u201cJust as no one eats candy thinking it\u2019s healthy, alcohol should be viewed as a product for occasional consumption that carries real risks. This study makes it possible, for the first time, to objectively measure that harm even after sporadic consumption.\u201d <\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In this regard, the authors believe that the potential biomarkers identified could be used in <strong>prevention programs, educational campaigns, and early detection strategies,<\/strong> helping to raise awareness about the effects of alcohol at the molecular level, even when there are no visible symptoms.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Reference article:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rojas-Pirela M, Salete-Granado D, Andrade-Alvi\u00e1rez D, Prieto-Rojas A, Rodr\u00edguez C, Aguilar-S\u00e1nchez M-L, Puertas-Miranda D, P\u00e9rez-Nieto M-\u00c1, Rueda-Cala V, P\u00e9rez C, Qui\u00f1ones W, Michels P, Almeida A, Marcosd, M. Dysregulated Expression of Canonical and Non-Canonical Glycolytic Enzyme Isoforms in Peripheral Blood from Subjects with Alcohol Use Disorder and from Individuals with Acute Alcohol Consumption. Antioxidants. 2025; 14(9):1143.   https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox14091143<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>IBSAL<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL) was established on March 21, 2011, through an agreement signed by the Department of Health of the Regional Government of Castile and Le\u00f3n and the University of Salamanca, which was joined in February 2012 by the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC). It is one of the 36 health research institutes accredited by the Carlos III Health Institute. <\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Its scientific activity is organized into six areas, comprising a total of 86 research groups: Cancer (22 groups); Cardiovascular, Renal, and Respiratory (11); Neuroscience (12); Infectious, Inflammatory, and Metabolic Diseases (19); Gene and Cell Therapy and Transplants (6); and Primary Care, Public Health, and Pharmacology (16).<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>For more information and contact details:<\/strong><br\/><a href=\"mailto:comunicacion@ibsal.es\"><strong>comunicacion@ibsal.es<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A study by IBSAL, published in the high-impact journal *Antioxidants*, shows that excessive alcohol consumption\u2014whether chronic or occasional\u2014causes alterations in glycolysis, the primary metabolic pathway for energy production, which could 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