{"id":24181,"date":"2025-12-10T09:31:00","date_gmt":"2025-12-10T07:31:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ibsal.es\/ibsal-and-usal-are-leading-a-study-on-the-sleep-patterns-of-the-spanish-adult-population\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T12:51:02","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T10:51:02","slug":"ibsal-and-usal-are-leading-a-study-on-the-sleep-patterns-of-the-spanish-adult-population","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ibsal.es\/en\/ibsal-and-usal-are-leading-a-study-on-the-sleep-patterns-of-the-spanish-adult-population\/","title":{"rendered":"IBSAL and USAL are leading a study on the sleep patterns of the Spanish adult population"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>BMJ Open<\/em> has published this important study led by Jos\u00e9 Ignacio Recio, with participation from APISAL, the University of Salamanca, and the Salamanca University Healthcare Complex, which examines sleep disorders and their variations by gender and psychosocial factors<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Among men, those over 65 with a college education and low levels of anxiety and depression show the best sleep efficiency, despite sleeping for a shorter total duration<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sleep is an essential biological function that is critical to individual and public health due to its direct implications for an increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, mental disorders, and other conditions. In Spain, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sen.es\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Spanish Society of Neurology (SEN)<\/a> revealed in 2024 that 48% of the adult population did not get quality sleep, and the <a href=\"https:\/\/ranm.es\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Royal National Academy of Medicine of Spain<\/a> noted on March 14, World Sleep Day, that more than 4 million Spaniards suffered from some form of chronic insomnia, equivalent to 10% of the population. <\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"http:\/\/ibsal.es\/en\/\">IBSAL<\/a> has just published an article in <a href=\"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>BMJ Open<\/em><\/a> an innovative study that provides relevant information for understanding sleep patterns in the Spanish adult population and helps identify potential determinants of sleep quality, \u201cespecially when considering gender differences and psychosocial factors,\u201d explains IBSAL researcher and USAL professor <a href=\"https:\/\/ibsal.portalinvestigacion.com\/investigadores\/305\">Jos\u00e9 Ignacio Recio Rodr\u00edguez<\/a> to <a href=\"https:\/\/saladeprensa.usal.es\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Comunicaci\u00f3n USAL<\/a>.  <\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In a context where sleep disorders have a significant impact on public health, the multicenter study\u2014coordinated by the <a href=\"https:\/\/enfermeriayfisioterapia.usal.es\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">USAL School of Nursing and Physical Therapy<\/a> and conducted in collaboration with the <a href=\"https:\/\/apisal.es\/\">Salamanca Primary Care Research Unit (APISAL)<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.saludcastillayleon.es\/CASalamanca\/es\">University Healthcare Complex of Salamanca (CAUSA)<\/a>, \u201chelps shape more personalized, evidence-based intervention strategies, and its comprehensive approach\u2014which combines mental health, lifestyle habits, and sociodemographic factors\u2014reinforces its practical value in clinical and public health settings,\u201d he emphasizes.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/saladeprensa.usal.es\/filessp\/atoms\/image\/NORMAL_revista.jpg\" alt=\"description\"\/><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Infographic showing the people contacted and included in the study, broken down by age group and gender.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Tracking Activity and Sleep Cycles<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Specifically, the project, conducted from May 2022 to April 2024, was carried out with the aim of \u201cidentifying differences in sleep patterns between adult men and women in Spain and understanding how factors such as age, educational level, lifestyle habits, and mental health influence sleep quality.\u201d<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Indeed, this population-based and public health perspective is one of the innovative aspects of this type of study. In other words, \u201crather than focusing on specific disorders, it takes a preventive approach aimed at providing a general characterization of sleep quality and its determinants,\u201d the director notes. <\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To this end, the research team designed a cross-sectional study with a representative sample of 500 people aged 25 to 65, residing in Salamanca and \u00c1vila, distributed evenly by sex and age. It is worth noting that the stratified and regionally representative sample, based on population-based health registries, \u201cprovides a level of robustness that is uncommon in sleep studies, which typically focus on clinical or convenience samples.\u201d <\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thus, each participant was assessed using actigraphy (ActiGraph GT3X+ devices), which recorded activity and sleep cycles over five days, and using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), a standardized and validated questionnaire that measures subjective perceptions of sleep.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/saladeprensa.usal.es\/filessp\/atoms\/image\/NORMAL-composicion.jpg\" alt=\"description\"\/><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Testing the ActiGraph GT3X+ device at the School of Nursing and Physical Therapy at the University of Salamanca.  <\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition to objective and subjective measures of sleep, the scientists also collected data on the participants\u2019 lifestyle (diet, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and tobacco use), mental health (levels of anxiety and depression), and clinical conditions. The information collected allowed for a cluster analysis\u2014a statistical technique that groups individuals with similar characteristics\u2014to identify specific sleep profiles by sex. <\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In this regard, one of the innovative features of the study is that \u201cit is one of the first Spanish studies to simultaneously combine objective actigraphy (ActiGraph GT3X+) and subjective assessment using the PSQI within the same representative sample, which strengthens the validity of the results,\u201d they note.  <\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Results for Men and Women<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Furthermore, the use of a cluster analysis differentiated by gender is also innovative in the Spanish context and allows for the identification of specific sleep profiles associated with age, education, and emotional burden\u2014an area that has been little explored previously. The results revealed that sleep in the Spanish population is a highly heterogeneous phenomenon. Three main profiles were identified for each sex, with age and educational level serving as determining factors.    <\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Among men, those over 65 with a college education and low levels of anxiety and depression showed the best sleep efficiency (91.8%) despite sleeping for a shorter total duration. In contrast, young men (around 35 years old) with higher levels of anxiety and depression had lower sleep efficiency and more nighttime awakenings. <\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Among women, those aged 55 with low emotional distress exhibited the most stable and efficient sleep patterns, while younger women (aged 35) with more severe anxiety and depression symptoms reported poorer sleep quality, more awakenings, and lower sleep efficiency.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In both cases, psychological variables carried more weight than lifestyle factors, underscoring the close relationship between emotional well-being and nighttime rest.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/saladeprensa.usal.es\/filessp\/atoms\/image\/NORMAL_dieta_sana.jpg\" alt=\"description\"\/><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Image of food and healthy living.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The Mediterranean Diet, Exercise, and Alcohol Consumption<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The study also found that greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet and moderate alcohol consumption were associated with better sleep, although their influence was secondary to that of mental health. Similarly, physical exercise showed a variable relationship, depending on its intensity and the time of day. <\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Overall, the findings show that \u201csleep quality cannot be understood in isolation, but rather as the result of the interaction between psychological, clinical, social, and behavioral factors, with significant differences between men and women,\u201d Recio Rodr\u00edguez points out.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thus, the research initiative led by USAL demonstrates the need to approach sleep from a personalized perspective, tailoring public health interventions to each person\u2019s emotional, sociodemographic, and lifestyle profile. Consequently, identifying these distinct patterns makes it possible to develop more effective preventive and therapeutic strategies aimed at improving the population\u2019s sleep and overall health. <\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In other words, unlike most previous research in this field\u2014which is limited to correlating individual variables with sleep quality\u2014this new study, with its classification of sleep types based on a multivariate analysis approach (cluster analysis), makes it possible to identify population subgroups with distinct characteristics. This segmentation \u201cenables progress toward personalized sleep health interventions, an emerging and relevant aspect of modern epidemiology,\u201d the professor concludes. <\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Project Reference:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00e9sar Jim\u00e9nez-Vaquero, Jes\u00fas Gonz\u00e1lez-S\u00e1nchez, Rosario Alonso-Dom\u00ednguez, Irene A. Garc\u00eda-Yu, Natalia S\u00e1nchez-Aguadero, Andrea Crespo-Sedano, Mar\u00eda I. Rihuete-Galve, and Jos\u00e9 I. Recio-Rodr\u00edguez.<em> <a href=\"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/content\/15\/11\/e103094\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sex-Specific Sleep Profiles in Spanish Adults: A Cross-Sectional Actigraphy\u2013PSQI Study with Cluster Analysis in Salamanca and \u00c1vila<\/a>. BMJ Open   <\/em>2025; 15: e103094. doi: 10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-103094<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This project was carried out with institutional funding from the Castilla y Le\u00f3n Regional Health Authority and the University of Salamanca.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>More information:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Contact person: Jos\u00e9 Ignacio Recio Rodr\u00edguez, researcher at IBSAL and professor in the School of Nursing and Physical Therapy at the University of Salamanca. Research project leader <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Email: <a href=\"mailto:donrecio@usal.es\">donrecio@usal.es<\/a><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Phone: 923 294500, ext. 3108<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>BMJ Open has published this important study led by Jos\u00e9 Ignacio Recio, with participation from APISAL, the University of Salamanca, and the Salamanca University Healthcare Complex, which examines sleep disorders [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":24182,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_price":"","_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_header":"","_tribe_default_ticket_provider":"","_tribe_ticket_capacity":"","_ticket_start_date":"","_ticket_end_date":"","_tribe_ticket_show_description":"","_tribe_ticket_show_not_going":false,"_tribe_ticket_use_global_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_global_stock_level":"","_global_stock_mode":"","_global_stock_cap":"","_tribe_rsvp_for_event":"","_tribe_ticket_going_count":"","_tribe_ticket_not_going_count":"","_tribe_tickets_list":"[]","_tribe_ticket_has_attendee_info_fields":false,"footnotes":"","_members_access_role":[],"_members_access_error":""},"categories":[238],"tags":[418],"class_list":["post-24181","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","tag-physiology"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This 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